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In the 12th century, Geoffrey of Monmouth’s publication of the Historia Regum Britanniae or “History of the Kings of Britain” presented a illustrative, though also highly imaginative retelling of the ancient lords of the British Isles. In it, Monmouth recalls what is arguably the most famous and legendary king of Britain, the one and only Arthur Pendragon, or as T.H. White had penned, “The Once and Future King.”
White’s title had been borrowed from the ancient mythic inscription said to mark the legendary king’s tomb, which read “Hic iacet Arthurus, rex quondam, rexque futurus”, or “Here lies Arthur, king once, and king to be.” The line summarizes the ancient heroic tradition of the fallen king believed to rise again, as represented in such exhaustive mythological works as Sir James George Frazier’s The Golden Bough, in which a hero king represents a timeless cycle of rejuvenation; that is, to overcome the seemingly impossible struggle between man and his greatest enemy, the gradual decline that represents the universal entropic forces themselves.
- Chess960 (or Fischer Random Chess): The placement of the pieces on the first rank is randomised, with the opponent's pieces mirroring it. Invented by Bobby Fischer (1996).; Displacement chess: Some pieces in the initial position are exchanged but the rules remain exactly the same.Some examples of this may be that the king and queen are flipped, or the knight on the b-file is traded with the.
- Knight Moves, in which a grandmaster has to juggle playing for the world championship and catching a Serial Killer at the same time; Pawn Sacrifice, a Bobby Fischer biopic; Queen of Katwe, about a chess prodigy living in dire poverty in South Africa; Searching for Bobby Fischer, about a chess prodigy trying to balance the game and real life.
- May 23, 2017 “So I say, play the King’s Gambit Fischer’s way! When you’re Black against the King Knight’s Gambit (1.e4 e5 2.f4 exf4 3.Nf3) play 3 d6 which Bobby recommended, or 3 g5 which he actually played vs. Boris Spassky, and at the very least you will equalize or most likely, get some advantage with Black.
However, apart from Arthur’s own story, one among the most enduring, and also peculiar mysteries related in the famous Arthurian legends is that of the Fisher King. This character is an enigmatic — and also tragic — ruler who is recognized in the stories as the last in a long line of Grail-keepers. Many different versions of his story exist, with the earliest telling of the paladin Perceval (or later, Percival) coming into his company, and learning a remarkable, though somewhat strange lesson while held in his court.
Among the earliest references to this meeting between Perceval and the Fisher King is that of Chrétien de Troyes’ Perceval (hence the archaic spelling of the knight’s name used here). In Chrétien’s account, it is during Perceval’s meeting with the Fisher King where the Grail is first spied. However, there is more to the story as well, which involves not only the mythical grail, but also another unusual relic of high-symbolism:
“Perceval then returns to his seat and continues his conversation with the lord of the castle. They talk well into the evening and enjoy a splendid conversation, but while they are speaking something odd happens. First, one of the attendants enters the great hall from one of the chambers carrying a white lance upright around its middle. The boy proceeds with the lance in between the fire and the lounge in which they are sitting. As he does so, a drop of blood emerges from the tip of the lance and trickles down the weapon to the boy’s hand. He watches in awe and amazement at the sight and longs to ask the lord of the castle about it, but then he remembers the instructions of his mentor. His mentor had warned him sternly to beware of talking too much.”
The account above, excerpted from The Holy Grail: The History and Legend of the Famous Relic, is but one of many retellings of the story. Innie minnie miny moe lyrics. Subsequent to this episode with the mysterious bloody lance, a young girl passes carrying what is taken to be the grail itself; finally, a third youth passes through the hallway, carrying a large silver platter. One may note here that, of all the three relics presented at the home of the Fisher King, it is interesting that the grail had stood out as it did among the legends; arguably, the imagery presented by the bloody lance is the more striking of the three.
On the subject of the ominous, bloody lance, while this element would later be “Christianized” in later adaptations of the story (as with numerous other elements), Chrétien’s tale describes a weapon of immense destructive power — poisonous, even — whose ominous characteristics aren’t easily ignored. Some scholars interpret this to be a distinct characteristic that differentiates Chrétien’s narrative from the later ones adopted into an Arthurian, and decidedly Christian narrative.
Medieval illustration depicting the procession at the home of the Fisher King, where the bloodied lance can be seen held aloft, as well as the grail below it.
Nonetheless, Perceval chooses to remain mum, at the instruction of his mentor, and thus none of the objects in this strange and elaborate little parade are explained to the hero. Later, it is revealed to Perceval that if he had merely asked about these mysteries, not only would he have obtained this knowledge, but the Fisher King’s unusual injuries would have been healed; hence, Perceval learns an equally esoteric lesson: that there are certain times that are indeed right for asking questions, and that neglecting to do so may in fact be tantamount to thoughtlessness.
In some traditions, the Fisher King’s injury was sustained when a javelin pierced his side, impaling him through his hip and disabling him from being able to mount his horse. However, another common interpretation had been that this injury had more directly affected the King’s inguinal region, and thus his masculinity had been compromised. This directly affects his ability to rule, since his impotence rules out an ability to birth an heir, and hence the Fisher King’s enduring tragedy.
Many have analyzed the mythic themes this legend represents, though among the finest of recent years had been Australian Psychologist Richard A. Sanderson, who discussed the matter thusly in his essay, “Wounded Masculinity: Parsifal and The Fisher King Wound”:
“At the heart of the Grail Castle a Holy Spear and a Holy Chalice lay. The two divine implements are needed daily for The Holy Grail enactment, the eternal task of bringing light into the kingdom; for that light is the source of the cycle of life and death. The two divine implements represent the masculine and feminine principles which when combined in perfect wholeness produce light into the kingdom of the Fisher King. The Holy Chalice represents the feminine aspect of feeling and beauty that both contains and transforms. The chalice in christianized versions is that which Jesus used at the Last Supper, containing the wine and later his blood. The Holy Spear represents the masculine strength required to stand ‘erect’ and guard the precious Grail… Each day every knight of the inner order (of the Arthurian tradition) would renew his oath to defend the Grail with his very life and affirm his service to the Holy Grail.
…The wound to The Fisher King, via a spear through his testicles (to the tenderest part of the male anatomy), signifies a wounding to man’s sense of potency and his self-esteem. The wounding in this “private part” of himself will not heal and equates to The Fisher Kings “Fall from Grace” (the noble part of the king has fallen from grace). He is metaphorically expelled from the Garden of Eden (The Holy Grail). Interestingly, The Fisher King only gets relief from his pain when he is fishing, meaning, doing reflective work on himself. The Fisher King’s kingdom has been laid to waste, the meadows and flowers are dried up and the waters shrunken. The suggestion is that any malaise to the king is mirrored in his kingdom.”
Indeed, the lesson learned from the Grail mythos becomes interesting when one reflects upon the undertones of sexuality expressed in the ancient narrative, in which the grail is the decidedly feminine counterpart to the lance Perceval observed. This echoes shades of popular Davinci Code-esque modern retelling of the legends, in which the long-sought “Holy Grail” might actually have been feminine; more specifically, that Mary Magdalene, the companion of Jesus “whom he loved more than any of the apostles, and kissed often”, had been his wife or partner in sexual union.
It should be noted that scholars largely dismiss that any direct evidence found in the Gospels supports this notion of a sexual relationship or marriage between Jesus and Mary Magdalene, although usage of the Greek koinōnos (companion) in reference to the relationship does present derivations that may suggest a sexual union and/or marriage, as is represented in the Gnostic Gospel of Phillip. Such interpretive analysis, as one may gather here, remains a matter of scholarly debate.
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Whether the grail is represented within the context of the earlier (likely pre-Arthurian) legends of Perceval, or interpreted in relation to the life, and actual relationships shared by the historic Jesus, the quest for the legendary Grail becomes one not of a holy artifact, but of man’s own longing for wholeness, and the search for completion. Much like the concept of Christian sacraments as being physical representations of a deeper spiritual reality, the legends of the Grail quest itself become a sort of tangible retelling of an intangible reality that serves as the very essence of human relations and coupling. Often it is the case that, where language fails, emotion, feeling, and symbolism prevails; hence, the quest for the Holy Grail becomes the spiritual mirror-image of our own inner quest for union with the divine, and with each other.
Addendum: It is interesting to note, shifting our attention to pop culture and science fiction for this final moment, that in the fourth episode in the ninth series of the British television program Doctor Who, entitled “Before the Flood”, the villain is also named “The Fisher King”. The episode was written by Toby Whithouse (though directed by Daniel O’Hara), and the role of the Fisher King, a monstrous alien with a booming, British accent in this incarnation, was portrayed by actor Neil Fingleton, and voiced by Peter Serafinowicz.
It remains somewhat ambiguous what the significance of the alien monster’s name had been, although according to an article on the character at tardis.wikia.com, the comparison between the creature and the Arthurian character is made. Here, it notes that, “Having been wounded, the legendary king waits for someone who is able to heal him to arrive. This is similar to the Doctor Who character who is waiting for someone from his people to come and save him.”
SOURCES:
Charles River Editors. The Holy Grail: The History and Legend of the Famous Relic (Kindle Locations 170-176). Charles River Editors, 2013-09-20. Kindle Edition.
Sanderson.Richard A., M.Ed., B.A. “Wounded Masculinity: Parsifal and The Fisher King Wound.” Howell Group online (Link).
Bobby Fischer had one of the greatest minds the world of chess had ever seen. Only one thing could keep him from holding onto the title of World Champion: himself.
In 1972, the U.S. seemed to have found an unlikely weapon in its Cold War struggle against Soviet Russia: a teen chess champion named Bobby Fischer. Though he would be celebrated for decades to come as a chess champ, Bobby Fischer later died in relative obscurity following a descent into mental instability
But in 1972, he was at the center of the world stage. The U.S.S.R. had dominated the Chess World Championship since 1948. It saw its unbroken record as proof of the Soviet Union’s intellectual superiority over the West. But in 1972, Fischer would unseat the USSR’s greatest chess master, reigning world chess champion Boris Spassky.
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Some say there has never been a chess player as great as Bobby Fischer. To this day, his games are scrutinized and studied. He has been likened to a computer with no noticeable weaknesses, or, as one Russian grandmaster described him, as “an Achilles without an Achilles heel.”
Despite his legendary status in the annals of chess history, Fischer expressed an erratic and disturbing inner life. It seemed as if Bobby Fischer’s mind was every bit as fragile as it was brilliant.
The world would watch as its greatest chess genius played out every paranoid delusion in his mind.
Bobby Fischer’s Unorthodox Beginnings
Photo by Jacob SUTTON/Gamma-Rapho via Getty ImagesRégina Fischer, Bobby Fischer’s mother, protesting in 1977.
Both Fischer’s genius and mental disturbance can be traced to his childhood. Born in 1943, he was the progeny of two incredibly intelligent people.
His mother, Regina Fischer, was Jewish, fluent in six languages and had a Ph.D. in medicine. It’s believed Bobby Fischer was the result of an affair between his mother — who had been married to Hans-Gerhardt Fischer at the time of his birth — and a notable Jewish Hungarian scientist named Paul Nemenyi.
Nemenyi wrote a major textbook on mechanics and for a time even worked with Albert Einstein’s son, Hans-Albert Einstein, in his hydrology lab at the University of Iowa.
Pustan’s then-husband, Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, was listed on Bobby Fischer’s birth certificate even though he’d been denied entry into the United States on account of his German citizenship. It’s believed that while he was away during this time, Pustan and Nemenyi likely conceived Bobby Fischer.
While Nemenyi was brilliant, he also had mental health issues. According to Fischer’s biographer Dr. Joseph Ponterotto, “there’s [also] some correlation between the neurological functioning in creative genius and in mental illness. It’s not a direct correlation or a cause and effect…but some of the same neurotransmitters are involved.”
Pustan and Fischer became estranged in 1945. Pustan was forced to raise both her newborn son and her daughter, Joan Fischer, alone.
Bobby Fischer: Born A Chess Prodigy
Bettmann/Getty Images13-year-old Bobby Fischer playing 21 chess games at once. Brooklyn, New York. March 31, 1956.
Bobby Fischer’s filial dysfunction did not hamper his love for chess. While growing up in Brooklyn, Fischer started to play the game by six. His natural ability and unshakeable focus eventually brought him to his first tournament at just nine. He was a regular in New York’s chess clubs by 11.
His life was chess. Fischer was determined to become a world chess champion. As his childhood friend Allen Kaufman described him:
“Bobby was a chess sponge. He would walk into a room where there were chess players and he’d sweep around and he’d look for any chess books or magazines and he’d sit down and he would just swallow them one after another. And he’d memorize everything.”
Bobby Fischer quickly dominated U.S. chess. By the age of 13, he became the U.S. Junior Chess champion and played against the best chess players in the United States in the U.S. Open Chess Championship that same year.
It was his stunning game against International Master Donald Byrne that first marked Fischer as one of the greats. Fischer won the match by sacrificing his queen to mount an onslaught against Byrne, a win lauded as one of “the finest on record in the history of chess prodigies.”
His rise through the ranks continued. At age 14, he became the youngest U.S. Champion in history. And at age 15, Fischer cemented himself as the chess world’s greatest prodigy by becoming the youngest chess grandmaster in history.
Bobby Fischer was the best America had to offer and now, he would have to go up against the best other countries had to offer, especially the grandmasters of the U.S.S.R.
Bobby Fischer’s Cold War
Wikimedia Commons16-year-old Bobby Fischer goes head-to-head with U.S.S.R. chess championMikhail Tal. Nov. 1, 1960. Hindi mp3 songs.
The stage — or the board — was now set for Bobby Fischer to face off against the Soviets who were some of the best chess players in the world. In 1958, his mother, who always supported her son’s efforts, wrote directly to Soviet leader Nikita Kruschev, who then invited Fischer to compete in the World Youth and Student Festival.
But Fischer’s invitation arrived too late for the event and his mother could not afford tickets. However, Fischer’s wish to play there was granted the following year, when producers of the game show I’ve Got A Secret gave him two round-trip tickets to Russia.
In Moscow, Fischer demanded that he be taken to the Central Chess Club where he faced two of the U.S.S.R.’s young masters and beat them in every game. Fischer, though, wasn’t satisfied with just beating people his own age. He had his eyes on a bigger prize. He wanted to take on the World Champion, Mikhail Botvinnik.
Fischer flew into a rage when the Soviets turned him down. It was the first time Fischer would publicly attack someone for rejecting his demands — but by no means the last. In front of his hosts, he declared in English that he was fed up “with these Russian pigs.”
This comment was compounded after the Soviets intercepted a postcard he wrote with the words “I don’t like Russian hospitality and the people themselves” en route to a contact in New York. He was denied an extended visa to the country.
The battle lines between Bobby Fischer and the Soviet Union had been drawn.
Raymond Bravo Prats/Wikimedia CommonsBobby Fisher tackles a Cuban chess champion.
Bobby Fischer dropped out of Erasmus High School at the age of 16 to concentrate on chess full time. Anything else was a distraction to him. When his own mother moved out of the apartment to pursue medical training in Washington D.C., Fischer made it clear to her that he was happier without her.
“She and I just don’t see eye to eye together,” Fischer said in an interview a couple of years later. “She keeps in my hair and I don’t like people in my hair, you know, so I had to get rid of her.”
Fischer became more and more isolated. Though his chess prowess was getting stronger, at the same time, his mental health was slowly slipping away.
Even by this time, Fischer had spewed a slew of anti-semitic comments to the press. In a 1962 interview with Harper’s Magazine, he declared that there were “too many Jews in chess.”
“They seem to have taken away the class of the game,” he continued. “They don’t seem to dress so nicely, you know. That’s what I don’t like.”
He added that women should not be allowed in chess clubs and when they were, the club devolved into a “madhouse.”
“They’re all weak, all women. They’re stupid compared to men,” Fischer told the interviewer. “They shouldn’t play chess, you know. They’re like beginners. They lose every single game against a man. There isn’t a woman player in the world I can’t give knight-odds to and still beat.”
Fischer was 19 at the time of the interview.
An Almost Unbeatable Player
Wikimedia CommonsBobby Fischer during a press conference in Amsterdam, as he announces his match against Soviet chess master Boris Spassky. Jan. 31, 1972.
From 1957 to 1967, Fischer won eight U.S. Championships and in the process earned the only perfect score in the history of the tournament (11-0) during the 1963-64 year.
But as his success increased, so too did his ego — and his distaste for the Russians and Jews.
Perhaps the former is understandable. Here was a teenager receiving high praise from the masters of his trade. Russian grandmaster, Alexander Kotov, himself praised Fischer’s skill, saying his “faultless endgame technique at the age of 19 is something rare.”
But in 1962, Bobby Fischer wrote an article for Sports illustrated entitled, “The Russians Have Fixed World Chess.” In it, he accused three Soviet grandmasters of agreeing to draw their games against each other before a tournament — an accusation that while controversial then, is now generally believed to be correct.
Fischer was consequently set on revenge. Eight years later, he trounced one of those Soviet grandmasters, Tigran Petrosian, and other Soviet players at the USSR versus the Rest of The World tournament of 1970. Then, within a few weeks, Fischer did it again at the unofficial World Championship of Lightning Chess in Herceg Novi, Yugoslavia.
Meanwhile, he reportedly accosted a Jewish opponent saying that he was reading a very interesting book and when asked what it was he declared “Mein Kampf!”
Over the next year, Bobby Fischer annihilated his foreign competition, including Soviet grandmaster Mark Taimanov, who was confident he would beat Fischer after studying a Russian dossier compiled on Fischer’s chess strategy. But even Taimanov lost to Fischer 6-0. This was the most devastating loss in the competition since 1876.
Fischer’s only significant loss during this time was to 36-year-old World Champion Boris Spassky during the 19th Chess Olympiad in Siegen, Germany. But with his unparalleled winning streak in the past year, Fischer earned a second chance at taking Spassky on.
A Showdown Between Champions
HBODocs/YouTubeBobby Fischer plays against the World Champion, Boris Spassky, in Reykjavík, Iceland. 1972.
When Petrosian had twice failed to defeat Fischer, the Soviet Union feared their reputation in chess might be at risk. They nonetheless remained confident that their world champion, Spassky, could triumph over the American prodigy.
This game of chess between Spassky and Fischer had come to represent the Cold War between their countries.
The game itself was a war of wits which in many ways represented the kind of combat in the Cold War where mind games had taken the place of military force. The nations’ greatest minds set to fight in the 1972 Chess World Championships in Reykjavik, Iceland where over the chessboard, communism and democracy would fight for supremacy.
As much as Bobby Fischer wanted to humiliate the Soviets, he was more concerned that the tournament organizers met his demands. It wasn’t until the prize pot was raised to $250,000 ($1.4 million today) — which was the biggest prize ever offered to that point — and a call from Henry Kissinger to convince Fischer to take part in the competition. On top of this, Fischer demanded the first rows of chairs at the competition be removed, that he receive a new chessboard, and that the organizer change the venue’s lighting.
The organizers gave him everything he asked for.
The first game commenced on July 11, 1972. But Fischer was off to a bumpy start. A bad move left his bishop trapped, and Spassky won.
Listen to the matches of Boris Spassky and Bobby Fischer.
Bobby Fischer The Knight Who Killed The Kings Pdf Free Download
Fischer blamed the cameras. He believed he could hear them and that this broke his concentration. But the organizers refused to remove the cameras and, in protest, Fischer didn’t show up for the second game. Spassky now led Fischer 2-0.
Bobby Fischer stood his ground. He refused to play on unless the cameras were removed. He also wanted the game moved from the tournament hall to a small room at the back normally used for table tennis. Finally, the tournament organizers gave in to Fischer’s demands. Affinity publisher 1 8 17.
From game three onward, Fischer dominated Spassky and ultimately won six and a half out of his next eight games. It was such an incredible turnaround that the Soviets began to wonder if the CIA was poisoning Spassky. Samples of his orange juice were analyzed, the chairs and lights were checked, and they even measured all kinds of beams and rays that could get into the room.
Spassky did regain some control in game 11, but it was the last game Fischer would lose, drawing the next seven games. Finally, during their 21st match, Spassky conceded to Fischer.
Bobby Fischer won. For the first time in 24 years, someone had managed to beat the Soviet Union in a World Chess Championship.
Descent Into Madness And Bobby Fischer’s Death
Wikimedia CommonsBobby Fischer is swarmed by reporters in Belgrade. 1970.
Fischer’s match had destroyed the Soviet’s image as intellectual superiors. In the United States, Americans crowded around televisions in shopfront windows. The match was even televised in Times Square, with every minute detail followed.
But Bobby Fischer’s glory would be short-lived. As soon as the match was over, he boarded a plane home. He gave no speeches and signed no autographs. He turned down millions of dollars in sponsorship offers and locked himself away from the public eye, living as a recluse.
When he did surface, he spewed hateful and anti-semitic comments over the airwaves. He would rant on radio broadcasts from Hungary and the Philippines about his hatred for both Jews and American values.
For the next 20 years, Bobby Fischer would not play a single competitive game of chess. When he was asked to defend his world title in 1975, he wrote back with a list of 179 demands. When not a single one was met, he refused to play.
Bobby Fischer was stripped of his title. He had lost the world championship without moving a single piece.
In 1992, however, he did momentarily regain some of his former glory after defeating Spassky in an unofficial rematch in Yugoslavia. For this, he was indicted for violating economic sanctions against Yugoslavia. He was forced to live abroad or face arrest upon his return to the United States.
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While in exile, Fischer’s mother and sister died, and he was unable to travel home for their funerals.
He commended the September 11 terrorist attacks in 2001, saying “I want to see the U.S. wiped out.” He was then arrested in 2004 for traveling in Japan with an American passport that had been revoked, and in 2005 he applied for and was reward full Icelandic citizenship. He would live the last years of his life in Iceland in obscurity, inching ever closer to total madness.
Some speculate he had Asperger’s syndrome, others posit that he had a personality disorder. Perhaps he had inherited the madness from his biological father’s genes. Whatever the reason for his irrational descent, Bobby Fischer eventually died of kidney failure in 2008. He was in a foreign country, ostracized from his home despite his prior glory.
He was 64 — the number of squares on a chessboard.
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After this look at the rise and fall of Bobby Fischer, read about Judit Polgár, the greatest female chess player of all time. Then, check out the madness behind history’s other greatest minds.